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I've been doing some research into origins of angelic and demonic figures, connections between names and associated domains, that kind of thing. That being said, this is not my field at all. What I'm finding is that these beings did not originate in the Judaic or Christian religious cultures that have made them well-known. Please jump in and let me know what you think.
El - Thought of as a name for the Jewish God, actually a regional variant of the name Enlil. This god of the air is worshipped in Sumerian, Babylonian, and Hurrian circles by various names, and is a son of Anu and brother of Enki.
Yah/Yahweh/Jehovah - Also thought of as a name for the Jewish God, actually regional variants of the name Ea, or Enki. Multi-faceted god of creation, intelligence, crafts, water, seawater, lakewater, , , magic, and mischief.
Michael - Debate exists over whether his name is a question ("who is like El?") or a statement that this angel is like El. A less common view is that this "meaning" was retroactively created for the epithet Mikal, which belongs to the Canaanite god Resheph, a war god of plague and fire who is believed to be the same person as the Sumerian deity Nergal.
Gabriel - Name derives from gever and El, suggesting that the meaning is not "God is my strength" but rather "El's Strongman." I've seen speculation that Gabriel is Nanna/Sin of the Sumerian and Babylonian pantheons, but Gabriel has no ties to the moon or to astrology, and Nanna/Sin is not especially known as a strong warrior. However, Gabriel is the patron saint of messengers, and has been shown delivering messages of great importance in religious texts. Possible relation there. If Gabriel is Enlil's "strongman," and related to Michael/Nergal in some capacity, I'd suspect Gabriel is derived from Ninurta in some capacity.
Raphael - Name derives from rapa'a and El, suggesting that the meaning is not "God is my healer" but rather "El's Healer." Only one of Enlil's sons was a god of healing, that being Ninazu, also an underworld-related deity. Intriguingly, Raphael's name shares roots with the Rephaim, thought by some scholars to be long-dead ancestors called upon for healing and blessings. This lends to a connection between the Rephaim and Ninazu.
Uriel or Auriel - Aside from the common "El" aspect, this name derives from a root meaning "light, flame, understanding." Indicating the physical and metaphysical "light" of El. If Gabriel is not Nanna/Sin, but instead Ninurta, then the moon deity of wisdom has a much stronger affiliation with Auriel.
Satan - The accuser. Representing a figure who opposes you in the name of justice, likely has relationship to the figure Utu/Shamash, the solar deity associated with heroism and justice. Hebrew references to the sun use "light" as a euphemism, since the Sun is a sign of God's power. Are Auriel and Satan related? The same person? Or just a coincidence?
Asmodeus - "Aeshma-deiwos" the wrath god, or god of wrath. Between this and the assignment of lust to Asmodeus, I think a less biased portrayal would be "god of passion." Inanna is the Sumerian goddess representing passion, love, and war, among other attributes.
Belphegor - Aspect of Horus. Horus has been variably related to Anu, Enlil, or Ninurta. I think a better way to look at it might be that Horus the Elder is Enlil, whereas Horus the Younger is Ninurta. Possibly.
Leviathan - Livyathan possibly derives from Litanu, a derivative of Lotan. Lotan was a serpent who served the god Yam. As Yam greatly resembles Nammu/Tiamat in this situation, it is possible that Lotan is either some lesser servant (and Leviathan as a prince should be regarded as a reference to Yam instead), or Lotan itself was an extension of Yam's being. Therefore, Leviathan is Nammu/Tiamat.
Mammon - Mistakingly regarded as a personification of greed. Actually literally riches. If a great being has attached itself to this notion, or to all riches, the best Sumerian candidate would be Lamashtu. Though really, Lamashtu was more a thief of life, known for drinking blood and stealing babies. The greediest of the gods was again Inanna, known for fabulous wealth, favoring wealthy mortals, and slain by the Anunnaki for the greed she exhibited in her journey to the Underworld of Kur. My best speculation is that Lamashtu may be the same as Nammu/Tiamat, or an extension thereof. So either Mammon is Leviathan, or Mammon is Asmodeus.
Beelzebub - A very confusing one, but I think the origin is simple. People have been trying to figure out which "Baal," which lord god, was described as the lord of flies. I think it's very likely a reference to Pazuzu, demon king of the air who brings locusts and drought. Often invoked to cast out Lamashtu.
Lucifer - Given information above, and the conflation of Satan and Lucifer, I would say that either they are two separate people (and Lucifer/Auriel are the same person), or Lucifer and Satan are the same person.
Please share your thoughts on the accuracy and inaccuracy of what I've put forward, and remember, I'm not confident about any of this.
El - Thought of as a name for the Jewish God, actually a regional variant of the name Enlil. This god of the air is worshipped in Sumerian, Babylonian, and Hurrian circles by various names, and is a son of Anu and brother of Enki.
Yah/Yahweh/Jehovah - Also thought of as a name for the Jewish God, actually regional variants of the name Ea, or Enki. Multi-faceted god of creation, intelligence, crafts, water, seawater, lakewater, , , magic, and mischief.
Michael - Debate exists over whether his name is a question ("who is like El?") or a statement that this angel is like El. A less common view is that this "meaning" was retroactively created for the epithet Mikal, which belongs to the Canaanite god Resheph, a war god of plague and fire who is believed to be the same person as the Sumerian deity Nergal.
Gabriel - Name derives from gever and El, suggesting that the meaning is not "God is my strength" but rather "El's Strongman." I've seen speculation that Gabriel is Nanna/Sin of the Sumerian and Babylonian pantheons, but Gabriel has no ties to the moon or to astrology, and Nanna/Sin is not especially known as a strong warrior. However, Gabriel is the patron saint of messengers, and has been shown delivering messages of great importance in religious texts. Possible relation there. If Gabriel is Enlil's "strongman," and related to Michael/Nergal in some capacity, I'd suspect Gabriel is derived from Ninurta in some capacity.
Raphael - Name derives from rapa'a and El, suggesting that the meaning is not "God is my healer" but rather "El's Healer." Only one of Enlil's sons was a god of healing, that being Ninazu, also an underworld-related deity. Intriguingly, Raphael's name shares roots with the Rephaim, thought by some scholars to be long-dead ancestors called upon for healing and blessings. This lends to a connection between the Rephaim and Ninazu.
Uriel or Auriel - Aside from the common "El" aspect, this name derives from a root meaning "light, flame, understanding." Indicating the physical and metaphysical "light" of El. If Gabriel is not Nanna/Sin, but instead Ninurta, then the moon deity of wisdom has a much stronger affiliation with Auriel.
Satan - The accuser. Representing a figure who opposes you in the name of justice, likely has relationship to the figure Utu/Shamash, the solar deity associated with heroism and justice. Hebrew references to the sun use "light" as a euphemism, since the Sun is a sign of God's power. Are Auriel and Satan related? The same person? Or just a coincidence?
Asmodeus - "Aeshma-deiwos" the wrath god, or god of wrath. Between this and the assignment of lust to Asmodeus, I think a less biased portrayal would be "god of passion." Inanna is the Sumerian goddess representing passion, love, and war, among other attributes.
Belphegor - Aspect of Horus. Horus has been variably related to Anu, Enlil, or Ninurta. I think a better way to look at it might be that Horus the Elder is Enlil, whereas Horus the Younger is Ninurta. Possibly.
Leviathan - Livyathan possibly derives from Litanu, a derivative of Lotan. Lotan was a serpent who served the god Yam. As Yam greatly resembles Nammu/Tiamat in this situation, it is possible that Lotan is either some lesser servant (and Leviathan as a prince should be regarded as a reference to Yam instead), or Lotan itself was an extension of Yam's being. Therefore, Leviathan is Nammu/Tiamat.
Mammon - Mistakingly regarded as a personification of greed. Actually literally riches. If a great being has attached itself to this notion, or to all riches, the best Sumerian candidate would be Lamashtu. Though really, Lamashtu was more a thief of life, known for drinking blood and stealing babies. The greediest of the gods was again Inanna, known for fabulous wealth, favoring wealthy mortals, and slain by the Anunnaki for the greed she exhibited in her journey to the Underworld of Kur. My best speculation is that Lamashtu may be the same as Nammu/Tiamat, or an extension thereof. So either Mammon is Leviathan, or Mammon is Asmodeus.
Beelzebub - A very confusing one, but I think the origin is simple. People have been trying to figure out which "Baal," which lord god, was described as the lord of flies. I think it's very likely a reference to Pazuzu, demon king of the air who brings locusts and drought. Often invoked to cast out Lamashtu.
Lucifer - Given information above, and the conflation of Satan and Lucifer, I would say that either they are two separate people (and Lucifer/Auriel are the same person), or Lucifer and Satan are the same person.
Please share your thoughts on the accuracy and inaccuracy of what I've put forward, and remember, I'm not confident about any of this.