In some japanese martial arts schools(might be limited to old koryu and Bujinkan, which is not koryu) there are concepts of Sakki, and Zansen.
Sakki is murderous intent, so when someone has intent to cut my head of with sword, I sense it somehow, even though i dont see it or hear it. I dont really know how this is trained...
One way of expressing it is by facial expression , eg ; at kobudo training in the park , I am facing off against one of the guys, we have bokens , we are taking it in turn to initiate attacks , its his turn . he doesnt attack , me ; 'Attack . ''
Him ; ... nothing . ''Attack ! '' Him ; '' No . '' Whaaaat ??? No ? I never had that before in a sword match !

Okay, so I advanced on him . He ran off into the bushes

- maybe valid for self - defence ... but in a duel !
Later I asked him about it ; '' I could see you were about to do something real nasty to me .'' he was also my boss at work , one time he was worried as due to certain issues he thought he was going to get the sack and had been called into the managers office . I advised him to imagine he was wearing his ( katana ) sword and to 'psychically' do what I had done .
he said he went in and sat down and imagined drawing his sword, cutting the bosses head off and placing it on his desk in front of him

he said the manager hesitated , stammered and then mate went on a tirade against the boss and threatened to quit .... turns pout he got a raise !
In Bujinkan, the 5. dan test is sakki-test where the shidan stands behind you and hits you to head(while you are kneeling) with shinai(practise sword). If you dodge this before it hits you you pass the test and get the 5. dan grade. I think Zansen is the skill that makes you aware of this intent that someone is attacking you. It's been long time so I might be mixing things.
Thats seems correct , it should gauge intent , direction AND target . years back a very competent aikido teacher I had would turn his back to the class , you would approach him and point a finger to back of head , back, lower legs , etc and he could name the target , We did all sorts of things to 'expose' him ... he is seeing shadows , he is hearing the approach , etc we masked all those things , he could still get it . I am sure I must have some ability there ... been riding a morotcycle for 50 years and still alive ! Mostly through 'hunches' .
I asked AI about it and it debunked it . One reason it gave was ; if a person is staring at you from behind , they are masking the background sound behind them and you can unconsciously pick up on the direction ,

Me; '' Okay then .... AI ... how is that going to change if the person is facing you or looking the other way ? ''
stupid AI !